Certain communities and populations are impacted differently by substance misuse, mental health concerns, and interpersonal violence on college campuses and throughout their lifetime. It is vital that prevention be culturally competent, trauma-informed, intersectional, and address structural issues and barriers. Compiled here is information about existing health inequities and resources for ways to improve our work. This is not an exhaustive list and will continue to be updated.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Note: Females and several racial/ethnic minority groups were at greater risk for experiencing 4 or more ACEs10
Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Interpersonal Violence
Mental Health and Suicide
This page focuses on minority groups who have typically faced oppression and see health disparities as a result. It is important to note that individuals in majority groups (men, Caucasian students, etc.) can and do experience substance misuse, interpersonal violence, and mental health concerns.
We must remember that identities do not exist in a vacuum and that all students have intersecting identities that can create even greater health inequity.
For example, 47% of transgender people are sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime. Among transgender people of color, American Indian (65%), multiracial (59%), Middle Eastern (58%) and Black (53%) respondents of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey were most likely to have been sexually assaulted in their lifetime.
Click on a brief below for more information.
Health Equity
Cultural Competence*
*While cultural competence may be a starting place, the notion of ‘competence’ still centers around whiteness as the norm and a simple lack of knowledge about ‘other’ groups as the issue. This ignores the systemic problems that impact health inequity and implies passive learning as opposed to action.
Cultural Humility
Trauma-Informed Care
Trauma-informed care and trauma-informed systems function according to at least four basic principles, often referred to as the “Four R’s.”
Trauma-informed care is an approach to engaging people with histories of trauma that recognizes the presence of trauma symptoms and acknowledges the role that trauma has played in their lives. The TIC pyramid (below) helps practitioners to visualize TIC and how to apply the principles to practice.
*From the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Trauma-Informed Care*
Intersectionality
Students of Color
Students with Disabilities
+ Click here for citations.
1. Mereish, E. H., & Bradford, J. B. (2014). Intersecting identities and substance use problems: sexual orientation, gender, race, and lifetime substance use problems. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 75(1), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.179
2. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Rape and Sexual Victimization Among College-Aged Females, 1995-2013 (2014).
3. David Cantor, Bonnie Fisher, Susan Chibnall, Reanna Townsend, et. al. Association of American Universities (AAU), Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct (September 21, 2015). ("Victim services agency” is defined in this study as a “public or privately funded organization that provides victims with support and services to aid their recovery, offer protection, guide them through the criminal justice process, and assist with obtaining restitution.” RAINN presents this data for educational purposes only, and strongly recommends using the citations to review any and all sources for more information and detail.)
4. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, American Indians and Crime, 1992-2002 (2004).
5. 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
6. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 2018
7. Douglas, K. R., Chan, G., Gelernter, J., Arias, A. J., Anton, R. F., Weiss, R. D., Brady, K., Poling, J., Farrer, L., & Kranzler, H. R. (2010). Adverse childhood events as risk factors for substance dependence: partial mediation by mood and anxiety disorders. Addictive behaviors, 35(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.07.004
8. Washington, R., Marconi, A., Reeves, M., Jardas, E., The Color of Drinking – An exploratory study of the impact of UW–Madison’s alcohol culture on students of color (2018).
9. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, Centers for Disease Control (2010).
10. Centers for Disease Control, Vital Signs. Adverse Childhood Experiences (2019).
11. National Veterans Foundation, Troubling Veteran Mental Health Facts and Statistics that Need to be Addressed (2016).
12. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Women Veterans Health Care (2020).
13. 2016 – 2020 DoD SAPRO Report
14. Pedro et al. - Journal of School Health - 2017Substance Use Among Transgender Students in California Public Middle and High Schools.
15. CDC. (2016). Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Risk Behaviors Among Students in Grades 9-12: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
16. National Alliance on Mental Illness – LGBTQ+ (2019)
17. Drug and Alcohol Awareness for International Students, (2018).
18. International Student Well-being, Inside Higher Ed (2019).
19. Addiction Center, Disability and Addiction (2020).
20. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence and People with Disabilities: What to Know, Why It Matters, and How to Help (2018).
21. Thompson, K. Depression and Disability, A Practical Guide (
22. Attempted suicide rates much higher in adults with learning disabilities, Healio (2017)
23. Karriker-Jaffe K. J. (2013). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use by U.S. adults. Drug and alcohol dependence, 133(1), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.033
24. Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90: 24–31. pmid:23746605
25. American Psychological Association, Violence and Socioeconomic Status (2010).
26. Brawner, R. (2015) Alcohol Abuse, Why Not an Issue for African American College Students?
27. Healthy Minds Study, 2018